Biodegradation of plastics by microorganisms. Mechanism of Biodegradation 3.

Biodegradation of plastics by microorganisms In addition, temperature is another process condition affecting the performances of microorganisms in plastic biodegradation. Precisely, plastic biodegradation mainly involves microbial colonization and enzyme reactions triggered by microorganisms facilitating the conversion of plastic waste into low molecular weight compounds or monomers which can then be utilized by microorganisms as May 17, 2024 · The biodegradation of plastics, a natural process by which microorganisms break down plastic particles into simpler compounds, is one such approach that is gaining attention. , Pantoea spp. Thus, there is a huge potential for microorganisms to endure a plastic additive-polluted environment. , Ebisui A. Traditional chemical and physical degradation techniques have Mar 1, 2024 · Plastic samples can be hatched with crude cell lysate for biodegradation tests or undergo further purification to obtain pure proteins for plastic biodegradation. Mechanism of Biodegradation 3. Plastic is a broad name given to different polymers with high molecular weight, which can be degraded by various processes. Therefore, on the basis of a Jan 1, 2021 · Biodegradation of plastics has been observed at rapid turnover rate by some insect larvae, especially those of Coleoptera, in particular Tenebrionidae. Generally, the biodegradation of plastic by microorganisms is a very slow process, and some microorganisms can’t degrade certain plastics . Some light was shed on the general mechanisms of this biodegradation and the roles of different enzymes involved. 2023 ). Although plastic biodegradation is considered a green, safe, and low-energy input process, it is worth noting that these benefits have primarily been proven on laboratory scales [32,33]. However , only a few fungi and bacteria having the ability to degrade plastic have been found. Taking advantage of global environmental DNA … Jun 1, 2024 · The aim of this review is to provide insight into the processes involved in the decomposition of plastic by insects and environmental microorganisms, while also emphasizing the latest advanced viewpoints on the possible uses of plastic biodegradation, as well as challenges and future prospects in this field. These tools can be used to identify microorganisms and proteins that may be involved in plastic biodegradation, compare the genetic potential for plastic biodegradation across datasets, analyze plastic biodegradation pathways and explore the structural data of all proteins reported in the literature. May 13, 2024 · The database currently has 753 species of microorganisms that were reported in the scientific literature to have plastic-degrading capabilities and 219 proteins described to breakdown plastics. Microorganisms play a vital role in the biodegradation of plastics, including environmental microbes (in vitro) and gut microbes of insects (in vivo). Aug 10, 2023 · To facilitate rapid advancements in the area of plastic biodegradation, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the candidate organisms capable of biodegrading plastics and originating from four categories including natural microorganisms, artificially derived microorganisms, algae and animal organisms. , 2020). There is an ever-increasing trend towards the production and consumption of plastics due to their extensive industrial and domestic applications. Jan 1, 2024 · Fossil-based biodegradable plastics are like conventional plastics made from fossil oil and its derivatives but are opposed to these plastics capable of biodegradation. BIOPLASTIC Biodegradable plastics is plastic that decompose naturally in the environment. Mar 7, 2023 · Biological means of breaking down plastics have been investigated as alternatives, with studies mostly focusing on using microorganisms to biologically degrade sturdy plastics like polyethylene (PE). Jan 5, 2023 · This review comprehensively summarizes the latest 7-year (2016–2022) publications on plastic biodegradation by insects and microorganisms, elucidates the mechanism of plastic degradation in insects and environmental microbes, and highlights the cutting-edge perspectives for the potential applications of plastic biodegradation. Plastics are resilient, non-reactive and most importantly, non-biodegradable. Studies also indicated that genetic engineering and synthetic biology can be employed to enhance the efficiency of plastic-degrading enzymes, paving the way for more effective and Key bacterial and fungal genera, including Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Fusarium, Scedosporium, Pseudallescheria, and Aspergillus, were identified for their enzymatic activities relevant to plastic biodegradation. Jan 21, 2022 · Although many studies reported on their potential biodegradation by microbes in and from terrestrial environments, very little is known about the biodegradability of these plastics in freshwater Sep 5, 2023 · Most microorganisms are necessary for the decomposition of plastics and the production of bioplastics. The abundant microbial resources in the nature offer the possibility of biodegradation of polyolefin plastic waste, and microorganisms capable of degrading polyolefin have been reported. The process of biodegradation by microorganisms Mar 7, 2022 · This review is about biodegradable plastics and the microorganisms which help in degrading the synthetic and natural plastics. Sep 12, 2024 · In the biodegradation process, conventional petroleum-based plastics face challenges in being fully decomposed and assimilated by microorganisms, especially under abiotic factors like UV radiation, temperature variations, and physical stress over an extended period. Sekiguchi T. Therefore, there is a significant potential for employing various bacterial strains for efficient degradation of plastics to improve human health and safety. This means 1. However, a wide spectrum of these polymers is non-biodegradable with few exceptions. , ether, amide, or ester bonds), making them prone to May 1, 2021 · During the biodegradation of plastic, the plastic it enters into the food chain and produces secondary toxic material and toxins, which is fatal for aquatic animals. This is achieved when microorganism in the environment metabolize and breakdown the structure of biodegradable plastics . The excessive use of plastics and improper handling methods cause considerable pollution in the environment, as well as waste of energy. Biodegradation is one of the best possible approaches for the treatment of plastic waste in an environmentally friendly manner, but our current knowledge on the underlying mechanisms, as well as strategies for the development and enhancement of plastic biodegradation are still Sep 6, 2022 · Plastic pollution is a global concern due to the long half-life and high resistance of many synthetic plastics to natural biodegradation. Apr 24, 2019 · Biodegradation of plastic is a process that results in total or partial conversion of organic carbon into biogas and biomass associated with the activity of a community of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes) capable of using plastic as a carbon source (Shah et al. May 25, 2021 · Intensive exploitation, poor recycling, low repeatable use, and unusual resistance of plastics to environmental and microbiological action result in accumulation of huge waste amounts in terrestrial and marine environments, causing enormous hazard for human and animal life. The General Mechanism of Plastic biodegradation under Aerobic Conditions [24] Journal of Applied & Environmental Microbiology 13 Figure 6. When plastics are used as substrates for microorganisms, evaluation of Oct 3, 2023 · Biodegradation of plastic by microorganisms is a developing field of interest with the potential for bioreactors to be used alongside recycling to degrade plastic that may otherwise be sent to Mar 19, 2021 · Plastic waste biodegradation occurred through several steps, including biodeterioration, depolymerization, and assimilation. ) involved in the process of biodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polypropylene (PP) and highlighted the need to study The process of PE biodegradation. , 2018). , Kanehiro H. Generally, the biodegradation of plastic by microorganisms is a very slow process, and some microorganisms can’t degrade certain plastics [8]. , 2012; Gajendiran et al. Jan 2, 2024 · Plastic production has increased dramatically, leading to accumulated plastic waste in the ocean. May 11, 2022 · To date, several different microorganisms have been found to participate in the biodegradation of various synthetic plastic materials following their isolation from the soil of plastic-dumping Factors affecting Biodegradation of Plastics The biodegradation of plastics by bacteria and fungi proceeds differently under different soil conditions according to their properties. In the last decades, much … Nov 1, 2022 · Even so, the environmentally friendly biodegradation of plastics by living organisms and enzymes has drawn more and more attention as they can accelerate the natural degradation process (Amobonye et al. Biodegradation of This review highlights the classification of plastics with special emphasis on biodegradable plastics and their rational use, the identified mechanisms of plastic biodegradation, the microorganisms involved in biodegradation, and the current insights into the research on biodegradable plastics. , Pseudomonas spp. , 2009). This document discusses biodegradation of plastics like PET and the enzymes that enable this process. , Aspergillus flavus , and Aspergillus niger (Hardiyanti et al . The detailed information on the literature search is shown in Fig. Oct 21, 2024 · Plastic waste accumulation has lately been identified as the leading and pervasive environmental concern, harming all living beings, natural habitats, and the global market. Biodegradation is the processing of plastic waste using microorganisms (Verma & Gupta 2019). The accumulation of microplastics in organisms and the release of plastic additives can adversely affect the health of marine organisms. In fact, since the 1970s the expansion and use of plastics, particularly in the consumer and commercial sectors, has given this material a permanent place in our lives. The molecular mechanism involved in biofilm development obviously depends on the microbial species. Nowadays, sustainable and biodegradable bioplastics are gaining significant attention due to resource depletion and plastic pollution. The Aug 1, 2021 · Correspondingly, the plastic material characteristics are considered a real challenge for microbial degradation or even colonization on their surface. It then discusses the discovery of the PETase enzyme in 2016 in Ideonella sakaiensis bacteria found near a PET bottle recycling site. , Watanabe T. Recent work has included studies of the distribution of synthetic polymer-degrading microorganisms in the environment, the isolation of … Jan 1, 2021 · Biodegradation is a conversion of biochemical into compounds by microorganisms [2]. Plastic-contaminated surface soil samples (100 g) were collected from Juhu Beach (19° 6′ 0″ N and 72° 49′ 48 E), Mumbai, and Dec 29, 2019 · The need for biodegradation of plastic and biodegradable plastic has assumed increasing importance to resolve plastic pollution. For example: a typical biodegradable plastic film for mulching is 1. Biodegradation of Synthetic Plastics Biodegradation of polymers involves following steps: 1. Jul 4, 2024 · The microorganisms with the highest degradation efficiency on LPDE-type plastics in bacteria are Enterobacter spp. To effectively address and develop better strategies, it is critical to understand the inter Jan 1, 2024 · Due to its highly recalcitrant nature, the growing accumulation of plastic waste is becoming an urgent global problem. Types of Plastic Plastics can be divided into thermoplastics and thermosets. Plastic properties play an important role in the degradation of plastic particles or their colonization on the surface. The biodegradation of synthetic plastics, such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET Aug 10, 2023 · Biodegradation of plastic offers a promising way to meet all the above-mentioned challenges because it is environmentally friendly. Microbial degradation of plastics has gained attention as a possible eco-friendly countermeasure, as several studies have shown microbial metabolic capabilities as potential degraders of various synthetic plastics. Jun 1, 2001 · In order to support continued sustainable development throughout the world, this problem must be addressed. Figure 2: General mechanism of plastic biodegradation [12] Properties of plastic which makes it non-biodegradable (Persistent): High molecular weight, hydrophobicity and complex three-dimensional structure makes the plastic recalcitrant for biodegradation. g. General mechanism of plastic degradation Mar 10, 2021 · Nevertheless, the distinct properties which make plastic desirable for our daily use also threaten our planet's sustainability. However, these have usually resulted in secondary pollution issues. 88 × 10-2 kg m-2 for one application. Biodegradation of plastics involves two steps: binding of microorganisms to the polymer surface and growth of these microorganisms using the polymer as a source of carbon, followed by final polymer degradation into CO 2 Nov 20, 2023 · The Plastic Microbial Biodegradation Database (PMBD), an online resource, manually compiled 949 relationships between microorganisms and plastics including 79 genes involved in plastic biodegradation (Gan and Zhang, 2019). These are naturally degradable, as a source of cellulose, starch and algal material, an important component in plants, animals and algae. Dec 28, 2024 · Isolation and screening of plasticizer degrading bacteria. The process of biodegradation is considered to be a critical factor in the management of pollution caused by plastics. The biodegradation of polyolefins seems to be an environmentally friendly and low-energy consumption method for plastics degradation Apr 6, 2023 · A promising approach for recycling of hydrolyzable plastics under mild conditions is by depolymerization of polymers using microbial enzymes involved in plastic biodegradation. Industries have started manufacturing biodegradable plastics using Conversely, the degradation of biodegradable plastics is caused by microorganisms (bacteria; fungal enzymes). Studies on the biodegradation of plastics can help to understand how microorganisms work and their potential to reduce the amount of plastic in the environment. Feb 21, 2023 · The ability of microorganisms or their enzymes to degrade plastic polymers presents an ideal solution for plastic waste accumulation. It notes that biodegradation is the breakdown of materials by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Feb 1, 2023 · Numerous keywords were selected to find the literature and to evade the biased study. Jan 7, 2022 · Policies, researches, and novel approaches to the biodegradation of plastic materials by microorganisms and degradable enzymes are being pursued to resolve the situation. e adherence of complex microbial Jun 3, 2024 · Degrading these plastics, however, rely on microorganisms at very specific environmental conditions to achieve full For fossil fuel-derived biodegradable plastics such as PBAT, composting The biodegradation of microplastics begins when microorganisms adhere to plastic surfaces and secrete enzymes that break down the polymer chains. For enzymatic degradation process, melting temperature (Tm) plays a crucial role. Microorganisms form an association with material surfaces. Therefore, great effort is required to avoid littering. Table 1 Some Sep 8, 2022 · Plastic pollution levels have increased rapidly in recent years, due to the accumulation of plastic waste, including polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Jan 1, 2023 · This chapter gave knowledge about the biodegradation of plastic by some microorganisms and nanoparticles that break the plastics into their respective smaller units (monomers, oligomers) and then finally degrade up to mineralization into carbon dioxide and water. Given this issue, developing ecologically friendly solutions, such as biodegradation instead of standard disposal, is critical. When assembled into consortia, these microorganisms showed enhanced plastic degradation capabilities. Recently, studies on their involvement in the degradation of synthetic plastics are constantly emerging. Tenebrio molitor larva is well studied and capable of biodegrading polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in their digestive intestine in synergy with their gut microflora. Thus, the microorganisms that can use the plastic as the carbon source can colonize on the plastic film and be enriched gradually (Gu, 2007). Widespread studies on the biodegradation of plastics have been carried out in order to overcome the environmental problems associated with synthetic plastic waste. Jul 20, 2023 · Environmental concerns over waste plastics’ effect on the environment are leading to the creation of biodegradable plastics. The degradation of plastics take place under different factors that include characteristic of plastics, such as its mobility, crystalline, molecular weight, the kind of functional groups and additives added to the polymers. The oceans provide important and valuable resources such as food, energy, and water. Many plastics degrading bacteria have been widely reported . Both high production and the lack of efficient methods for disposal and recycling affect diverse aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems owing to the high accumulation rates of plastics. Some microorganisms may play crucial roles in improving plastic waste Conventional plastics do not biodegrade because the enzymes of saprotrophic organisms do not act on the chemical bonds that hold the synthetic polymers together. However, the global diversity of plastic-degrading enzymes remains poorly understood. , 2011; Kyaw et al. Marine plastics can be broken down into microplastics (<5 mm) by sunlight, machinery, and pressure. In the manufacture of equipment, a variety of plastic polymers are utilised, focusing on how they will be Feb 1, 2021 · For the decomposition of plastics, microorganisms should be calculated extensively so that solid wastes can be decomposed. , 2021; Lin et al. The enzymatic arsenal of microorganisms includes esterase, lipase, laccase and protease, which play crucial roles in breaking down the polymer chains present in MPs. Microbial-mediated biodegradation and biodeterioration of micro-plastics (MPs) have been widely known for their cost-effectiveness, and environment-friendly techniques for removing MPs. Dec 1, 2024 · Though, the extent of gut microbiota involvement in plastic degradation is highly complex and depends upon several factors including insect species, polymer type and gut microbiota composition. Using antibiotics can provide a comprehensive investigation into the involvement of gut bacteria in plastic biodegradation. However, many final products still contain additives or mix non-biodegradable polymers to ensure minimum performance, which Dec 30, 2019 · Plastics are polymers of higher molecular mass of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids used as inputs for industries. A number of microorganisms capable of degrading polyolefins (PE, PS, and PP), PVC, PUR, and PET have been isolated from the open environment, such as the soil of a plastic-dumping site, waste of mulch films, marine water, soil contaminated by crude oil, sewage sludge, landfills, and the guts of plastic-eating worms (Tables 2–7). May 1, 2008 · Other versions of biodegradable plastics have been developed in the United States. . These polymers are also produced by microorganisms. An increasing number of environmentally friendly plastics are being introduced to the market with the aim of addressing these concerns. To degrade solid waste, microorganisms for the degradation of plastics should be configured meticulously. Different types of microorganisms involved in the biodegradation process. Hence, the used keywords were algae, bacteria, fungi, and plastics toxicity. In fact, a number of synthetic polyesters have been found to be biodegradable, and bacterial polyesters (polyhydroxyalkanoates) have been used to make biodegradable plastics. Methods Implementation Jan 1, 2017 · Previously, the non-biodegradability of synthetic plastics resulted in the accumulation of millions of tons of plastic wastes (Pathak et al. Various physical and chemical methods have been tested in attempts to remove plastic dumps. However, by developing bioplastics as a substitute material for conventional plastics, certain applications have become mandatory for the production of real biodegradable polymers (Eubeler et al. MPs resistance to various biocidal microbes has also been reported by various studies. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that certain plastic-degrading bacteria may pose health risks due to their potential pathogenicity. These new biotechnology methods are based on the isolation of microorganisms capable of biodegrading specific types of polymers. In view of this, the biodegradation of plastics has been studied extensively for the past three decades. Most currently used fossil-based plastics are non-biodegradable, e. Compared with other degradation processes, the biodegradation process is the most effective and best way for plastic degradation due to its non-polluting mechanism, eco-friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. They foretell success due to their effectiveness, affordability, environmental friendliness, The small-sized fragments, oligomers and plasticizers released after the biodegradation of plastics could further show different effects on organisms and ecosystems. , 2008). Sep 5, 2024 · Plastic biodegradation by bacteria occurs in four successive steps: biodeterioration, depolymerization, assimilation, and mineralization. However, the challenge of managing the ever-increasing quantities of plastic waste is daunting. Biodegradation is one way to address plastic pollution in an environmentally friendly manner. Reaction pathways during biodegradation of polymers 3. The total output of virgin plastics has already reached eight billion tons, and the annual global plastic consumption has reached 2. Numerous of microorganisms with the capacity for polyolefin degradation, including bacteria, fungi and microbial consortia, have been isolated from the environment, such as soil containing plastic waste, the ocean and the guts of plastic-eating worms. Plastic biodegradation by these microorganisms includes different enzymatic reactions, converting synthetic plastics into simple mineral materials. Microorganisms capable of hydrolyzing PE have been isolated from soil, sea water, compost and activated sludge (Montazer et al. This scenario has driven increased interest in the research of the biodegradation process and the development of biodegradable materials to Jan 1, 2019 · In this database, 949 microorganisms-plastics relationships and 79 genes involved in the biodegradation of plastics were manually collected and confirmed through literature searching. , Nomura K. The recalcitrant nature of plastics leads to accumulation and saturation in the environment, which is a matter of great concern. , phthalates) present in most Jul 29, 2022 · Polyolefins, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS), are widely used plastics in our daily life. Ideally, plastics can degrade by aerobic and anaerobic organisms all the way to CO 2 , methane, water, and edible biomass/compost. Precisely, plastic biodegradation mainly involves microbial colonization and enzyme reactions triggered by microorganisms facilitating the conversion of plastic waste into low molecular weight compounds or monomers which can then be utilized by microorganisms as Jul 10, 2024 · Bio-based biodegradable plastics are completely or partly composed of biomaterials that can be decomposed by microorganisms. However, not all bioplastics are completely biodegradable, and some, like petrochemical-based plastics, may contribute to plastic pollution. The biodegradability of fossil-based plastics is achieved by integrating hydrolytically unstable bonds in the polymer (e. In this review, we focused on the advances in plastic biodegradation by marine microorganisms and their enzymes (esterase, cutinase, laccase, etc. Nov 5, 2024 · Plastics offer versatility, durability and low production costs, but they also pose environmental and health risks due to improper disposal, accumulation in water bodies, low recycling rates and temporal action that causes physicochemical changes in plastics and the release of toxic products to animal health and nature. This method has the potential to lessen the ongoing impact that plastic trash has on our ecosystems, but its complexities and possible uses are still not clear. , PE, PP, PS, and PVC. Biodegradable plastics are materials designed to degrade under environmental conditions or in municipal and industrial biological waste treatment facilities, and thus open the way for new waste management Dec 20, 2024 · It is also worth noting that many biodegradable plastics can persist for long periods in landfills due to a lack of bioplastic-degrading organisms. Jun 21, 2021 · Microorganisms are well known for its capability to evolve and survive in harsh environments. Jan 1, 2015 · Biodegradation is caused by biological agents (virus, bacteria, fungus, and algae), while non-biodegradation process is caused by environmental factors such as sunlight, moisture, heat, wind Sep 2, 2020 · Plastic waste worldwide is becoming a serious pollution problem for the planet. In addition, Battelle, a private research company, produced a completely biodegradable plastic from vegetable oils. However, still defined Apr 20, 2020 · Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Plastics. ; in fungi Neopestalotiopsis phangngaensis, Colletotrichum fructicola, and Thyrostroma jaczewskii; and in microbial consortia, those formed by Enterobacter spp Jan 6, 2023 · The biodegradation of plastics has gained great attention due to the advantages of green and safe characteristics. 2. Apr 10, 2023 · In this sense, several authors have postulated the biodegradation of plastics by microorganisms and their enzymatic mechanisms as one of the most suitable and sustainable alternatives for the bioremediation of plastic waste (Karlsson et al. The chief content of this review is the biodegradation of macro- and micro-plastics. However, an ideal solution needs to be explored to mitigate this global crisis related to plastic wastes. [28] Biodegradability may vary depending on humidity, temperature, and other conditions. Hence, changes in the marine ecosystem caused by anthropogenic influences such as plastic pollution Aug 1, 2024 · Plastic biodegradation is conducted by various microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, which break down plastics for sustenance (Mohanan et al. In parallel with this high consumption rate, a staggering amount of plastic waste is generated annually. 1. Aug 26, 2009 · Plastic is a broad name given to different polymers with high molecular weight, which can be degraded by various processes. Jan 26, 2024 · The diversity of microorganisms on non-biodegradable common plastics, such as PE and PP, did not change across test sites, while PLLA, which is a compostable plastic, showed the same trend as non According to the rate of biodegradation, plastics are divided in two main groups: biodegradable, characterized by a higher rate process, and non-biodegradable, the biodegradation of which is slow or mediated by a still-unknown process. Sep 1, 2021 · Plastics that are obtained from renewable resources are biodegradable plastics. They are also the main way of international trade and the main stabilizer of the climate. The involvement of several microorganisms and invertebrate species in plastic biodegradation has been reported by many researchers showing their fundamental role in the plastic biodegradation Jun 14, 2023 · Plastic pollution is a distinctive element of the globalized world. Unfortunately, after a few decades of research, biodegradation by microorganisms has not provided the hoped-for results. The database is updated bimonthly to keep up with new publications and reports of plastic biodegradation. However, only specific microorganisms can use the plastic as a carbon source. Similarly, biodegradable plastic is biodegraded by industrial composting systems [ 12 ]. Known for the high stability of plastics in the marine environment, this represents a very important issue to preserve marine biodiversity. Jul 1, 2021 · Plastic degradation and bioremediation potential make these microorganisms propitious for green chemistry to eliminate harmful plastics from the ecosystem. Biodegradation is one way to address plastic pollution in an Nov 25, 2020 · Biodegradation of the PE plastic wastes by microbial isolates has been a major topic of research (Nowak et al. The Oct 25, 2021 · A growing accumulation of plastic wastes has become a severe environmental and social issue. The colonizing microorganisms secrete extracellular enzymes Dec 14, 2014 · The applied test material loading in ISO 17556 (2012) is much higher than the expected application loading of biodegradable plastics in soil. 4. Thus, microbes have been played an important role in decompose as well as Jun 15, 2023 · The main challenges that occur in the degradation of microplastic by microbes also depend on the properties of microplastics. Recently, the biodegradation of plastic by fungal and bacterial strains has been spotlighted as a promising solution to remove plastic wastes without Plastic biodegradation by bacteria occurs in aerobic and anaerobic conditions [17,18,19], and their attachment to plastic surfaces is possible thanks to the presence of the matrix of extracellular polymeric substances . g corn or sugars. Natural decomposition is a common phenomenon in which complex organic matter is transformed into a simple organic substance by living organisms, especially microbes. Apr 18, 2024 · Current information suggests that macro- and microplastics generated from biodegradable plastics can cause harm to terrestrial or aquatic organisms; however, the negative environmental impacts are Oct 31, 2024 · Biodegradation of MPs in aquatic ecosystems shows great potential, with several microorganisms demonstrating high efficiency in degrading plastics [11,12,13]. Applie d Ecology and Environmental Research, 11: 441-449. , H2O Jun 26, 2023 · The existing research and data show a large number of microorganisms involved in plastic biodegradation, though their specific mechanisms have not been thoroughly explored yet. Nov 20, 2024 · Alcanivorax bacteria are among the most important hydrocarbon degraders in the ocean. The different factors that govern biodegradation are type of organism, polymer characteristics and nature of pre-treatment. The degradation of plastics take place under different factors that include characteristic of plastics, such as its mobility, crystalline, molecular weight, the kind of functional groups and additives added to the polymers. , Enoki M. praisal on biodegradable plastic. Biodegradable plastics are materials designed to degrade under environmental conditions or in municipal and industrial biological waste treatment facilities, and The database currently has 753 species of microorganisms that were reported in the scientific literature to have plastic-degrading capabilities and 219 proteins described to breakdown plastics. Biodegradable plastics are the type of polymers that can be degraded by microorganisms into small molecules (e. Nov 29, 2023 · We review state-of-the-art microbial technologies for sustainable production and degradation of bio-based plastics and highlight the potential contributions of microorganisms to a circular Jan 23, 2023 · This review comprehensively summarizes the latest 7-year (2016–2022) publications on plastic biodegradation by insects and microorganisms, elucidates the mechanism of plastic degradation in insects and environmental microbes, and highlights the cutting-edge perspectives for the potential applications of plastic biodegradation. The increasing use of plastic products and the wrong management of end-of-life plastic products have contributed to increasing environmental pollution, with Jul 15, 2022 · The abundance of synthetic polymers has increased due to their uncontrolled utilization and disposal in the environment. Biodegradation of the plastic additives by microorganism was made complicated as these pollutants tend to appear stable and/or highly toxic. 2017). In addition, more than 8000 automatically annotated enzyme sequences, which were predicted to be involved in the plastics biodegradation, were extracted from the Mar 2, 2023 · There is scarce literature available on biodegradation of E-plastic. However due to their rampant use and production , our environment and eco- balance is being threatened. Some types of plastic have been shown to be biodegradable, and their degradation mechanisms have progressively become clearer. , 2020a). In conclusion, challenges and future research perspectives for the plastic biodegradation were suggested at the end of this review. , 2016; Sen and Raut, 2016). biodegradable plastics Spoons, forks, and knives made of biodegradable starch-polyester compounds. Mar 25, 2022 · Further research on the reusability of enzymes in plastic biodegradation will also be helpful to achieve an economical outcome in the industrialization of plastic biodegradation. Bioplastics are engineered to degrade in aquatic or soil environments. Several polyesters are now produced on a semi-commercial scale by a number of companies that make biodegradable plastics. Biodegradation of several fibers submerged in deep sea waterand isolation of biodegradable plastic degrading bacteria from deep ocean water. Hence, reports available on biodegradation of plastic polymers such as PET, PP, PS and PVC (used in electronic and electrical products) by bacteria and/or their enzymes are given in Table 11. Carbon and hydrogen are the backbone of polyethylene and thus, it is resistant to May 25, 2023 · In recent years, biological degradation of polyolefin plastics has attracted considerable attention. However, considering their abundance in the environment and their specificity in attacking plastics, biodegradation of plastics by microorganisms and enzymes seems to be the most effective process. , 2019). Aug 26, 2021 · Hence, efficient screening of microorganisms for biodegradation of plastics is the need of the hour 19. Jun 26, 2023 · The existing research and data show a large number of microorganisms involved in plastic biodegradation, though their specific mechanisms have not been thoroughly explored yet. May 1, 2022 · On the other hand, biodegradation of plastics presents the following challenges: plastic macromolecular structure, high resistance and hydrophobic surface hinders enzymatic attack, the scarcity of enzymes and microorganisms able to degrade synthetic plastics and the interference of biodegradable additives (e. Microbial biodegradation of plastics is usually a slow process, and some plastics are not biodegradable (Singh and Gupta 2014). Previous studies have focused mainly on the degradation processes of hydrocarbons and assessments of their roles and contributions to marine hydrocarbon and carbon cycles. Mar 10, 2021 · This paper has highlighted significant research on the biodegradation of synthetic plastic wastes by microbes including actinomycetes, algae, bacteria and fungi. In conventional whole-cell biocatalysis, wild-type or recombinant microorganisms secrete plastic-degrading enzymes that cause polymer fragmentation. , 2014). In 1991 Procter and Gamble, Du Pont, and Exxon funded bacteria-based plastic research at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Microbial degradation of plastics has gained attention as a possible eco-friendly countermeasure, as several studies have shown microbial metabol … Jan 1, 2019 · plastic surface, bacteria are the pioneer invaders. Mar 9, 2022 · These tools can be used to identify microorganisms and proteins that may be involved in plastic biodegradation, compare the genetic potential for plastic biodegradation across datasets, analyze plastic biodegradation pathways and explore the structural data of all proteins reported in the literature. The best solution to this , is biodegradation of plastic by scavenging microbes. Aug 20, 2022 · Moreover, biodegradable plastic may degrade into natural components such as water, carbon dioxide, and biomass due to the action of a wide range of microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and fungi. Aug 10, 2023 · Biodegradation of plastic offers a promising way to meet all the above-mentioned challenges because it is environmentally friendly. In recent years, reports on biodegradation of synthetic plastics by The consumption of plastic products has increased significantly with the rapid development of the global economy. ISSN 1785 0037. According to recent studies, some enzymes such as lipases or cutinases have been described as Plastic pollution exacerbated by the excessive use of synthetic plastics and its recalcitrance has been recognized among the most pressing global threats. Thermoplastic is a group of plastics that can be remelted and reprocessed back into a product as well as recyclable. Mar 1, 2022 · The addition of starch increases the porosity in the synthetic polymers and the blend becomes more accessible and preferable to microorganisms for biodegradation, making the plastic material more prone to biodegradation (Schlemmer et al. The biodegradability of bioplastics is significantly different in 14. The end result is one which is less harmful to the environment then traditional plastics A polymer derived from natural sources, e. The Jan 2, 2024 · Marine plastics can be broken down into microplastics (<5 mm) by sunlight, machinery, and pressure. Biodegradable plastics may serve as a promising approach to manage the issue of environmental accumulation of plastic waste in the ocean and soil. Jan 1, 2021 · Biodegradation is a conversion of biochemical into compounds by microorganisms [2]. It is urgent to develop innovative approaches for the disposal of plastic wastes. , 2022; Wei et al. Polymer Dec 17, 2023 · The emergence of bioplastics presents a promising solution to the environmental impact of the plastics industry. Hence, there has been an exponential increase in plastic waste generation, which has since been recognised as a global environmental threat. Plastic biodegradation involves an enzymatic process in which intra- and/or extracellular enzymes of microorganisms attach to the plastic surface and catalyze C-C bonds of plastic polymers, thereby converting them into smaller fragments []. 5 × 10-5 m thick and has a density of 1,250 kg m-3. These works rely on narrative analyses which may incorporate the researchers' cognitive biases and thus fail to Jan 16, 2021 · The use of bacteria and fungi in plastic biodegradation has gained popularity. Different studies demonstrate the biodegradation of plastics by marine water isolates and rhizosphere samples, but this study isolated bacteria from municipal landfill sites, as these sites are capable of accommodating bacteria with high potential to degrade plastics and remain stable. 1. , Escherichia coli, and Bacillus spp. Over the last few years, the need for biodegradable plastics has led to Jun 1, 2001 · Ester-linkages are generally easy to hydrolyze. Mar 1, 2018 · In the presence of proper waste management strategies coupled with industrially controlled biodegradation facilities, the use of biodegradable plastics for some applications such as packaging or Jul 11, 2018 · Synthetic plastics present in everyday materials constitute the main anthropogenic debris entering the Earth’s oceans. These plastics have benefits such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing carbon turnover, and generating small amounts of microplastic residues (Guliyev et al. Figure 5. 2. Jan 13, 2018 · Plastic is a general term used for a wide range of high molecular weight organic polymers obtained mostly from the various hydrocarbon and petroleum derivatives. 8 billion tons. An exponential rise has been reported in plastic pollution during the corona pandemic because of PPE kits, gloves, and face masks made up of Abstract. Sep 27, 2022 · Plastic pollution exacerbated by the excessive use of synthetic plastics and its recalcitrance has been recognized among the most pressing global threats. Jun 14, 2023 · As aquatic environments are the dumping points for poorly managed plastics, biofouling and biodegradation have been proposed as promising approaches for plastic bioremediation. Plastics have been industrially produced and widely incorporated into consumer products. Isolated Microorganisms. Jan 1, 2021 · isolated from plastics contaminated landfill are potential agents of plastic biodegradation as Trichoderma sp. It takes plastic materials more than a thousand years to degrade significantly. Sep 28, 2022 · The natural environment is seriously threatened by plastic accumulation due to increasing plastic demand and production. Oct 11, 2019 · 3. Methods Implementation Apr 1, 2024 · Micro- plastics (MPs) pose significant global threats, requiring an environment-friendly mode of decomposition. Sep 4, 2023 · To date, enumerable fungi have been reported to participate in the biodegradation of several notorious plastic materials following their isolation from soil of plastic-dumping sites, marine water, waste of mulch films, landfills, plant parts and gut of wax moth. Oct 26, 2021 · Biodegradation is a plausible route toward sustainable management of the millions of tons of plastic waste that have accumulated in terrestrial and marine environments. Mechanism Of Biodegradation Of Plastic By Microorganisms Microbes degrade synthetic and natural plastics through enzymatic hydrolysis, where they secrete extracellular enzymes (Shah et al. Plastic-degrading microorganisms live in various habitats like seawater, soil, activated sludge, and compost. plastic wastes (Gan & Zhang 2019). As a consequence of incorrect Apr 8, 2022 · Plastic polymers are non-degradable solid wastes that have become a great threat to the whole world and degradation of these plastics would take a few decades. The soil depth where the Mar 1, 2022 · Studies performed on assessing the biodegradation of petroleum-based polymers show that the plastics can be bio-degraded under natural and laboratory conditions by various microorganisms. In order to biodegrade plastic, microorganisms colonize its surface and form a biofilm (Haider et al. The general mechanism begins with formation of hydrophobin and biofilm proceding to secretion of specific plastic degarding enzymes Feb 1, 2023 · Biodegradation is the decomposition of contaminants through living organisms including bacteria, algae, or fungi leading to small molecule formation and mineralization (carbon dioxide or water) Biotechnological tools to tackle plastic pollution Jan 1, 2024 · Microorganisms require specific nutrients and chemicals for growth (Jin and Kim, 2017). They can also help to develop better enzymes to address the issues related to plastic waste. Nov 20, 2024 · The biodegradation of plastics by microorganisms has garnered increasing interest for plastic remediation due to its low cost and environmentally friendly nature 5. txu ebahfd aqyww xzpr umhoytw jqic rvvq sppgut scuyq wyacp